F.D. Tombe aether theory

22nd August 2008: This paper has been totally withdrawn (together with paper I) , for the reason that it centres around a theory which attempts to rationalize inertial mass as being related to the sum of the "modulus" of the electric charge in a body. More recently, I have been working on a different principle as explained in the paper at N2 entitled "Negative Mass and the Gravity Sink". The ideas contained in this paper concerning inertial mass were only peripheral to the main theme regarding an electron-positron luminiferous medium. These ideas concerning inertial mass have now been superseded by a new theory which involves absolute values as opposed to 'modulus' values of charge .

(We maintain nevertheless a copy of the paper for history's sake.)

Abstract.
An abominable by-product of the modern relativity era is the widely circulated notion that a magnetic field is the relativistic component of the electric field. This idea arises out of applying the Lorentz transformation to Heaviside's versions of Maxwell's equations. The result yields both the Biot-Savart law and the Lorentz force along with the relativistic conversion factors.
This article aims to demonstrate that the Lorentz transformation of the Maxwell/Heaviside equations, as regards producing the vXB component of the Lorentz force, is merely doing what a Galilean transformation would also do. It is restoring the convective component that was part of Maxwell's original fourth equation, and which Heaviside and Gibbs took away in 1884.
This article also demonstrates that the Biot-Savart law is a solution to Maxwell's equations independently of the Lorentz transformation.

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June 2007 - Two new interesting contributions from F.D. Tombe.

P - Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea

Abstract.
When a magnet is rotated, the v X B component of the Lorentz force will not be invoked on a nearby stationary test particle. The ∂A /∂t component of the Lorentz force will however be invoked provided that the axis of rotation does not coincide with the magnetic axis.
Faraday's interpretation of the null electromagnetic effect for the special case of a magnet rotating on its magnetic axis was that the magnetic field does not rotate with it. In this respect Faraday was correct, but he missed out on the real significance of the scenario. The real significance is that the vX B force is not invoked by a rotating magnet irrespective of whether or not the magnetic field is caused to rotate, and hence the velocity term v cannot be considered to be measured relative to the magnetic field. The velocity term in v XB must be measured relative to something else, and since v is zero in the case scenario, that something else is clearly not rotating when a magnet rotates on ANY axis.
Faraday did in fact view a magnetic field in terms of physical and very real lines of force, but his mistake was that he failed to distinguish between the magnetic field itself and the physical medium in which the magnetic field is embedded. Maxwell interpreted Faraday's lines of force as a solenoidal arrangement of molecular vortices in the aether. Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices can in turn be interpreted as an electric sea of rotating electron positron dipoles. See "E=mc² and Maxwell’s Fifth Equation" at point M in this same Forum .
The magnetic field is in fact a double helix solenoidal alignment of the electron positron dipoles of the electric sea. Hence the magnetic field can be rotating in a wave like fashion through the electric sea when the electric sea itself is not rotating. This point can be illustrated in reference to the 1925 Michelson-Gale experiment.
Despite the fact that the Earth's magnetic field rotates with the Earth, the Michelson-Gale experiment detected a relative rotation of the luminiferous medium in relation to the Earth's diurnal motion. This would be further evidence to suggest that the electric sea does not rotate with a magnet, irrespective of the orientation of the rotation axis, and irrespective of whether or not the magnetic field is rotating.

Q - Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation

Abstract.
It is suggested that much confusion has been caused in modern physics by failure to distinguish different coordinate frame origins within different equations.

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July 2007

R - The Connection between Gravity and Light

Abstract.
Gravity and light are two different manifestations of aether flow. A study of the derivation of the famous equation E = mc², using Maxwell's equation for radiation pressure, explains the link between mass, energy, and aether. This allows us to conclude that electromagnetic waves must be accompanied by an effective flow of mass.
The main difference between gravity and light is the fact that gravity is a radially accelerating inflow of aether that imparts its acceleration to particles, whereas light is a tangential curled flow of aether that swirls from vortex to vortex at a constant root mean square (rms) speed. Gravity will therefore affect the path of a light beam by superimposition of aether velocity, and light will cause pressure on physical objects.

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October 2007

S - The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field
(An Aetherdynamical Approach to Electric Current)

Abstract.
A battery is a source of energy. As such it contains pressurized aether and it will weigh marginally less when it has expired. An electric circuit acts like a pipe. When a battery is connected to a circuit, aether accelerates linearly through the circuit causing linear acceleration of the charge carriers within the wire. The pressure in the system will cause the aether to leak sideways from the wire and expand into the space beyond, giving rise to a magnetic field.
Bernoulli, Maxwell and Tesla all believed that space/aether is rendered into tiny whirlpools. The magnetic field will now be explained in terms of these tiny aether whirlpools.

T - Aether causes anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits

Abstract.
In order to undermine the idea of a luminiferous aether, it has been argued that a physical medium for the propagation of light would necessarily cause friction which would eventually cause the planetary orbits to collapse. It will now be demonstrated how a dense electron-positron sea actually contributes towards Kepler's laws of planetary motion as opposed to undermining them.
The planets stay up in their orbits because of centrifugal force. It will be shown how this centrifugal force actually occurs in the shears lines of the electron-positron sea where friction might otherwise have been expected to occur.

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Seven more papers , November and December 2007

U - Cyclones and the Earth's Magnetic Field

Abstract.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate, by examining various rotational scenarios, that the cyclonic behavior in the atmosphere and in the ocean currents cannot be explained by the conventional Coriolis force approach. Instead, it must be explained by fine-grain Coriolis force in the Earth's magnetic field.

25th April 2008 - The following is a new revised version of the previous paper. We keep both versions for history's sake:

U' (new) - Cyclones and the Coriolis Force

Abstract.
The Coriolis force is generally considered to be an artifact of viewing moving objects from a rotating frame of reference. This article examines the extent to which the Coriolis force may in fact be real in relation to its role in determining the cyclonic behaviour in the atmosphere and the ocean currents, since these very real effects cannot be explained purely in terms of an artifact.

V - Vitreous Electricity and Centrifugal Potential Energy

(New revised version: 10th January 2008)
(New revised version: 24th May 2008)
(New revised version: 24th September 2008)

Abstract.
All atomic and molecular matter possesses a net negative charge that accounts for gravity. Negative charge can be explained hydrodynamically in terms of mutually attracting aether sinks.
In this article, we equate aether with vitreous fluid. When aether is compressed into a material body, this will linearly polarize the internal electron-positron dipoles and any other internal dipoles. The polarized dipoles then take the form of a kind of knot in which there exists intersecting circular orbits. This knot effect invokes the centrifugal lock mechanism which blocks the aether inflow. The excess aether pressure will then penetrate into the space beyond the body, hence leading to the linear polarization of the surrounding electron-positron dipoles. We then say that the body is vitreously charged.
When a body has its internal aether pressure reduced, this will open the microscopic gravity sinks wider and the body will become more strongly charged negatively. Increased aether inflow leads to an increased polarization of the surrounding electron-positron dipoles. In this case, the polarization is opposite to that in the pressurized scenario. If the centrifugal pressure in the surrounding polarized dipoles leads to a repulsion effect which overrides the attraction effect of the inflow, we then say that the body is resinously charged.
Two vitreously charged bodies will repel each other and two resinously charged bodies will repel each other, whereas a resinously charged body and a vitreously charged body will attract or repel each other depending upon which is the stronger. The overall negative charge in the universe favours attraction in the latter scenario.

W - The Archimedes' Screw in the Electric Sea

Abstract.

When a magnet is rotated against its own magnetic axis, precessional electromagnetic radiation will be emitted in every direction. The impedance of the magnetic field will require an input torque to maintain the rotation. We will have a situation in which aether flows into the magnet from a power source and gets distributed into the fine-grain vortex satchels that comprise the surrounding electric sea. The rotating magnet is therefore playing the role of an Archimedean screw which irrigates the grains of the surrounding electric sea with aether.

X - The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density

Abstract.

Archimedes' principle can be applied in the electric sea to explain paramagnetic attraction and diamagnetic repulsion [1]. This is based on a hydrodynamical force derived by James Clerk-Maxwell and based on the concept of a sea of tiny molecular vortices. The force in question derives from a magnetic field intensity gradient in the steady state.
It will now be shown that such a gradient in the steady state can only be compatible with the double helix theory of the magnetic field if the variable quantity is the magnetic permeability which has traditionally been assumed to be constant for a given medium. It therefore follows that the speed of light will vary with the magnetic flux density of a steady state magnetic field.
A further connection between the vorticity of a magnetic field and the speed of light extends this idea generally to the fact that the speed of light will vary with magnetic flux density.

[Note of the Editor: As far as this article is concerned, it seems interesting to recall a paper by Rocco Vittorio Macrì, "The magnetic field as a particular current of ether: a proposal of experiments on its possible interaction with light" , which was published in Episteme N. 4 (Sep. 2001). ]

Y - The Four Kinds of Electric Charge
(A vitreous electricity explanation for infinite supplies of electric charge)

(New revised version: 24th September 2008)

Abstract.

Charge is ultimately aether pressure or aether tension, and aether hydrodynamics leads us directly to the Lorentz force. This approach to electricity does however pose a major riddle. It follows from aether hydrodynamics that two sinks will mutually attract each other, whereas laboratory experiments demonstrate that two kinds of electric charge exist, and that like charges mutually repel in both cases. This article examines how a sea of tiny aether vortices might act under certain circumstances so as to invoke fine-grain centrifugal force and reverse the mutually attractive property of large sinks.

Z - Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance

(New revised version: 17th January 2008)

Abstract.
When the switch of an electric circuit is turned on, the immediate effect is that the pressurized aether from the power source arcs across the shortest gap from the output terminal to the return terminal. An electric circuit is instantaneously created and this begins the process of polarizing the electron-positron dipoles in that immediate region. As the dipoles become polarized, their opposing internal electric fields will impede further aether flow and so the aether will start to flow wide of that impeded region.
This effect progresses wider and wider until the entire region enclosed within the electric wire is polarized, and the current is actually flowing totally within the wire.
This article discusses the speed at which the linear polarization effect moves through the space enclosed within the circuit wire.

A2 - Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight

Abstract.
There seems to be disagreement within the scientific community as to whether or not Bernoulli's Principle explains why aeroplanes fly. It will be explained below that aeroplanes fly for the singular reason that the air pressure under the wings is greater than the air pressure above the wings.

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More papers from January 2008.

B2 - Rotational and Irrotational Forces

(New revised version: 18th July 2008 )

Abstract.

If we consider space to be dynamical, aether hydrodynamics yields four fundamental forces. These four forces are divided into two groups of two. We have the rotational (or tangential) forces, and we have the irrotational (or radial) forces. Bernoulli, Maxwell and Tesla all believed that space/aether is rendered into tiny whirlpools. As such we need to make a further distinction between forces that arise from aether hydrodynamics on the large scale, and forces that arise from the fine grain vortex aether hydrodynamics on the microscopic scale.

C2 - Turbulence, Vorticity and the Coriolis Force

New revised versione: 18th May 2008

Abstract.
The most important thing of all about Kepler's law of areal velocity is the fact that it eliminates vorticity from curl-free space. As such, no Coriolis force will ever act on free unbonded trajectories in a gravitational field.
The official position in modern science is that the Coriolis force is merely a fictitious force that arises when we view a motion from a rotating frame of reference. This is clearly wrong and it is not what Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis himself had in mind.
The tangential deflections and artificial circular motions that are observed from rotating reference frames are not Coriolis force. They are purely fictitious effects that bear some resemblance to the Coriolis force. To obtain real Coriolis force we need to have actual curl. We need hydrodynamics.
Hydrodynamics is all about elements of a fluid that are moving relative to the larger body of that fluid. We can actually observe the cyclones in the atmosphere from outer space and this suggests that real Coriolis force must be involved since these effects are not merely an artifact of observing them from any particular reference frame.
For real Coriolis force to occur, this means that the inter-atomic and inter-molecular bonds within the fluid must involve forces that are not subjected to Kepler's law of areal velocity. In other words, the orbital systems within atoms and molecules must possess vorticity.
We have all seen the sinkless vortices that exist in turbulent air and turbulent water. These sinkless vortices are parallel in principle to the helical motion associated with charged particles moving in a magnetic field. The only conclusion that we can draw is that molecules in motion relative to their neighbours must invoke the real fundamental vXH Coriolis force on each other, where H is vorticity.
In a static fluid we would expect that stability will occur as a result of an equilibrium between the inverse square law force and the repulsive centrifugal force which arises from the rotating constituent molecules. In a dynamic fluid in which elements of the fluid are moving relative to other elements of the fluid, we should additionally expect that the vXH Coriolis force will be involved.

D2 - Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor
(Auroras and Gravitationally Powered Fluorescent Lights)

Abstract.

Since a gravitational field is essentially just a weak electric field, it will be discussed how thunderclouds are acting like capacitors by siphoning aether from the radial gravitational inflow. It will further be suggested that auroras are gravitationally powered fluorescent lights which operate on the gaseous discharge principle when the magnetic field is at an optimum angle.

E2 - Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit

New revised version: 11th February 2008

Abstract.
The electron-positron sea impedes the flow of aether due to the fact that the electron-positron dipoles become linearly polarized and hence induce a back EMF. A capacitor in an electric circuit can completely block the flow of electric current, yet the evidence of fluorescent lights and cathode ray tubes indicates that electric current can actually flow quite easily in the electron-positron sea. This would imply that the impeding effect of a capacitor does not appear to be entirely due to the dielectric space between the capacitor plates. It would seem as though the major impeding effect actually takes place inside the conducting material when the conducting circuit is broken. The breaking of the circuit seems to be the crucial factor in both blocking the flow of electric current and also in converting the conducting material into an excellent dielectric.
This might be explained if we consider electric current to be primarily a flow of dynamic and compressible vitreous aether. When a conducting circuit is broken, the aether gets absorbed and blocked by the electrical particles inside the conducting material since they cannot leave the conducting material to jump across the gap. This state of affairs would occur if the electrical particles were dielectric. In a closed circuit they would flow freely with the aether, but if their path became blocked they would stretch like a spring and oppose the applied electric field. In a metal, these particles are probably electron-positron dipoles.
The absorption of aether in a broken electric circuit leads to what has been referred to as 'the barrier potential'.

F2 - Saturn Exhibits Spin-Induced Magnetism

Abstract.
Planetary orbital theory tells us that if an object at the Earth's surface possesses a horizontal speed of 8km/sec, it should be weightless. It therefore follows that if we spin a disc to an angular velocity such that large amounts of its mass possess horizontal speeds in excess of 8km/sec, that disc should levitate. There is as yet no experimental evidence to suggest that centrifugal force in any way undermines the force of gravity on a free falling spinning object that is undergoing only vertical motion as a whole. The absence of spin based levitation may be explained by the rotationally elastic sponge effect of the electron-positron sea which absorbs all large scale vorticity.
The corollary of this is that if large scale vorticity is absorbed into the fine-grain of the electron-positron sea, then we should expect this effect to manifest itself as a magnetic field. In looking for evidence that large scale spinning objects generate a magnetic field we turn our attention to the planet Saturn. Saturn's magnetic axis, its rotation axis and the rotation axis of its rings all coincide exactly. Even if we don't find such a perfect alignment with the other planets, the case of Saturn alone should leave us in no doubt that planetary magnetic fields are primarily caused by the rotation of the planet.

G2 - The Subtlety of Gravity

(New revised version: 28th August 2008)

Abstract.
Gravity, cathode rays, and bolts of lightning share one important feature in common. They are all manifestations of aether flow. Gravity is a tension associated with aether that is flowing into a sink, and since it acts equally on all particles within a body, the acceleration due to gravity does not depend on the inertial mass of the body that is undergoing the acceleration.
Cathode rays on the other hand can heat a body, charge a body, and cause a body to accelerate. In the latter case, the inertial mass of the body is a relevant factor in deciding the acceleration that will be induced in that body by the incident cathode rays.
It will be concluded that cathode rays are a pressurized flow of aether and that inertial mass is a capacity to absorb aether pressure.

H2 - Bernoulli's Principle and the AC Transformer

New revised versione: 18th May 2008

Abstract.
Officially the AC transformer involves no capacitor theory. It is explained purely as an electromagnetic device. A step-up transformer increases the voltage and decreases the current in the secondary circuit. The low current in the secondary circuit is desired in order to minimize resistive losses as it travels large distances across the countryside. Electromagnetic waves will oscillate perpendicularly in and out from the wires and cannot therefore be involved in the energy transfer process since they are moving in the wrong direction by ninety degrees.
So there is clearly some important feature missing from the explanation for electrical energy transfer. How does such a small current carry so much power and cause such a dangerous tendency to arc?
The answer lies in Bernoulli's Principle as applied to aether hydrodynamics. In the primary circuit, kinetic energy is high and potential energy is low. In the secondary circuit, kinetic energy is low and potential energy is high.
Bernoulli's Principle can be satisfied by using 1/2LI² for the kinetic energy and 1/2CV² for the potential energy. But this means officially introducing capacitance.
The enormously high pressure (erroneously referred to as tension) in the secondary wires and the tendency of the electric current to arc to Earth is evidence of a very high capacitance. It will now be suggested that capacitance is in fact the main factor involved in the lossless transmission of electrical power.

I2 - Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback

New Revised version: 18th March 2008 - 20th April 2008

Abstract.
Modern classical mechanics has failed to explain the preferred direction of spin and the reversal torque in the rattleback. This is because three of the hydrodynamical aethereal forces are denied, and the relevant torque is probably to be found amongst these three forces.
The three denied aethereal forces are the centrifugal force (G2), the Coriolis force vXB (G3), and the angular ∂A/∂t force (G4). The vXB force and the ∂A/∂t force occur in tandem on the fine-grain level in electromagnetic induction. On the large scale, G3 accounts for the force that prevents a pivoted gyroscope from toppling over. On the fine-grain level G2 accounts for magnetic repulsion, and on the large scale it accounts for why the Moon doesn’t fall to the Earth.
Equation (5) in Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" will be examined in order to try and ascertain which of the G forces might be responsible for the torque that brings a spinning rigid body into line with its preferred axis of symmetry and also with its preferred direction of spin if it has one.

J2 - Inertia is Centrifugal Force

Abstract.

Inertia is generally understood to be that tendency of a body to continue in its state of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
This is a very limited Cartesian way of looking at the situation. The general situation can be understood entirely within the context of centrifugal force.

5th May 2008 -The following is a new revised version of the previous paper. Once again we keep both versions for history's sake...

J2' (New) - The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket

Abstract.
Inertia is generally understood to be that tendency of a body to continue in its state of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
This is a very limited Cartesian way of looking at the situation. The general situation can be understood within the context of centrifugal force. Inertia is centrifugal force in irrotational fields.
Centrifugal force in turn is one mutually perpendicular aspect of a more general convective force of the form vXω which acts in magnetic fields and in the cyclonic phenomena in the oceans and the atmosphere. In general therefore, inertia is vXω where ω is the angular velocity of the aether at the point in question and v is the linear velocity of the particle or fluid element.

K2 - The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions

(Previously revised versions: 31st March 2008 - 20th April 2008)
New revised version: 13th July 2008

Abstract.
During a collision, momentum is always conserved. The large scale kinetic energy on the other hand, may or may not be conserved.
When kinetic energy on the large scale is conserved during a collision, we say that the situation is matched. It will be concluded that a matched collision involves only a large scale pulse of aether with a prodigious speed that is many orders of magnitude greater than the speed of light, and probably even instantaneous. An unmatched collision on the other hand will involve both a large scale aether pulse as well as a microscopic particle compression wave with a finite speed in the order of the speed of sound.
This aether pulse, which we will call a vitreous pulse, is a compression wave of aether involving an actual net aether flow that moves through a rigid body and causes large scale acceleration. This large scale acceleration is due to an aethereal force which we will call G5.

More papers from April 2008.

L2 - A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources
(Faraday's Lines of Force)

Abstract.
The magnetic field is solenoidal, yet the equation for the magnetic field indicates the existence of sources. This paper shows how a double helix arrangement of sinks and sources can resolve this dilemma. Faraday's lines of force, while being solenoidal on one scale, contain within them a double helix array of electrons and positrons which accounts for the Coulomb force of attraction between two unlike magnetic poles.

M2 - Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether

Abstract.
It is suggested that the magnetic vector potential A and the electric current density J are effectively one and the same thing. They both represent a flow of aether. As such we can show that the full expression for centrifugal force becomes grad (ρv²) where ρ is aether density. This expression confirms the close link between centrifugal force, kinetic energy, and repulsion pressure .

N2 - Negative Mass and the Gravity Sink

Abstract.
Gravity is a radially inflowing electric current described by the momentum equation A = J = ρv, where ρ is aether density and v is the aether field velocity given by the escape velocity formula.
The aether (or vitreous electricity) is space itself, and in the unstressed state its density will be zero. In the stretched state, such as in the case of aether flowing into a sink, it will become rarefied and its density will be less than zero. Conservation of aether energy in an irrotational sink of spherical symmetry tells us that the density of the aether in this case will be given by the formula ρ = −k/r.
As such we are left to conclude that negatively charged particles are actually rarefactions in the aether. This article will discuss the extent to which fine-grain centrifugal pressure inside atomic and molecular matter will undermine the tendency for gravitational mass to be negative.

O2 - The General Convective Force
(A General Survey of the Coriolis force and the Centrifugal force)

New revised version: 9th June 2008

New revised version: 19th August 2008

Abstract.
A combined expression for Coriolis force and centrifugal force of the form vXω can be obtained by differentiating a velocity vector with respect to time. It will be discussed how the Coriolis force arises when v and ω are independent of each other, and how the centrifugal force is an outward radial effect which occurs when v and ω are directly related to each other.

P2 - Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit

Abstract.
The Lorentz force contains a convective vXH term which it has been assumed up until now is a Coriolis force. It was shown in an earlier paper that the centrifugal force, grad(A.v), should also be present in the Lorentz force but that it is missing.
It will now be suggested that the vXH term in the Lorentz force may in fact be the general convective force and that it refers to centrifugal force in the irrotational case when it applies to the force on a current carrying wire, whereas it refers to Coriolis force in the rotational case when an electric current is induced in a wire that moves through a magnetic field.

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News papers from August 2008:

Q2 - The Cause of Centrifugal Force

New revised version: 19th August 2008

Abstract.
It is widely believed that centrifugal force does not exist. It will now be shown that centrifugal force does exist and that it is caused by a build up of aether pressure that in turn results from congestion in the gravity sinks. This congestion is in turn caused by vorticity in the aether, which is in turn caused by moving particles cutting at right angles across aether flow.

R2 - Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure

(New revised version: 28th August 2008)

Abstract.
In earlier articles of this series, electrostatic repulsion in connection with vitreous and resinous charge has been associated with fine-grain centrifugal pressure in the linearly polarized electronpositron sea. Magnetic repulsion has also been associated with finegrain centrifugal pressure in the magnetized electron-positron sea, but the major difference between the two cases is that an increase in magnetization results in an increase in vorticity H, whereas an increase in linear polarization does not result in an increase in vorticity H. This article takes a closer look at the linear polarization mechanism for rotating electron-positron dipoles and concludes that the internal opposing force involves a centrifugal aether pressure that is induced as a result of the electron and the positron coming closer together for part of their mutual orbit.

S2 - The Coriolis Force and the Screw

Abstract.
The screw effect was known to the ancients. It employs the principle that a surface reaction at an angle can make an applied force undergo a right angle turn. The screw is a helix, and wherever we see a perpendicular swivel in conjunction with a helix, we must suspect the hidden hand of the Coriolis force to be operating behind the scenes.

T2 - Areal Velocity, Coriolis Force, and Vorticity

Abstract.
In previous articles of the series it has been stated that Kepler's law of areal velocity means that there is no vorticity in the gravitational field. This article seeks to elaborate on the above assertion.

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